Health Disparities in the Identification and Management of Sepsis Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations in the United States

Esther Sydney^1*, Florence Eribenne², Oroma Chukuigwe³

¹Independent Researcher, Ontario, Canada.

²Bay Cove Human Services, Boston, MA, USA.

³Innovista Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Abstract

Sepsis compresses the consequences of structural disadvantage into hours, and in the United States its burden falls unevenly across racial and ethnic groups. This critical narrative review asks where along the sepsis care pathway that inequity is generated. It synthesizes a core corpus of 200 sources dated 2022 to 2026, spanning cardiometabolic epidemiology, laboratory and facility infrastructure, pharmaceutical supply, nursing workforce, financing, informatics, and algorithmic governance, plus 15 primary clinical studies, and separates direct sepsis evidence from mechanism evidence. The gap originates largely outside the individual clinical encounter. Black adults develop sepsis more often, an excess traceable to earlier cardiometabolic and renal disease; pulse oximeters and temporal thermometers perform worse in darker-skinned patients, delaying recognition; and the association between race and delayed antimicrobial delivery attenuates substantially once the treating hospital is accounted for. The review formalizes these findings as the sepsis equity cascade, in which survival is the product of six conditional stage probabilities shaped by four cross-cutting domains. Worked calculations show that a 10 percent deficit at four stages yields a 34 percent terminal deficit and that uniform improvement leaves relative gaps unchanged, whereas capacity-targeted improvement narrows them. Priorities include stratified performance reporting, capital and staffing investment in minority-serving hospitals, replacement of race-sensitive devices, language access treated as a safety standard, subgroup calibration reporting for prediction models, and mediation-based research designs. 

Keywords: Sepsis, Septic shock, Health disparities, Racial and ethnic minority populations, Diagnostic infrastructure, Pulse oximetry, Safety-net hospitals, Algorithmic equity, Nursing workforce, Public health surveillance

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