Modeling Groundwater Velocity Response to Permeability and Storage Coefficient Variations in Confined Gravel Aquifers of Nigeria

Erewari Ukoha-Onuoha¹, Rex Kemkom Chima Amadi², Solomon Ndubuisi Eluozo³, Chisom George Ehule⁴

¹ Senior Lecturer, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt
² Senior Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt
³ Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt
⁴ Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt 

Abstract

A predictive model for groundwater velocity in confined gravel aquifers of Nigeria was developed to quantify the combined influence of permeability (k) and storage coefficient (S). The model was derived analytically from Darcy’s Law and the continuity equation under transient-flow conditions and validated through controlled laboratory experiments simulating confined aquifer behavior. Results revealed a parabolic velocity–depth relationship, with velocity increasing proportionally to permeability and decreasing with higher storage coefficients. Model predictions showed excellent agreement with experimental measurements (R² > 0.95; deviation < 3%), confirming strong predictive reliability. The study concludes that permeability is the dominant control on flow magnitude, while storage coefficient moderates transient responses. The developed model provides a robust framework for predicting flow heterogeneity and supports improved groundwater management in Nigeria’s gravel-dominated aquifers.    

Keywords: Groundwater velocity, Confined aquifer, Permeability, Storage coefficient, Gravel formation, Hydrogeology, Nigeria

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