ISSN: 3108-0723 (Online)

International Journal of Technology, Health and Sustainability

IF: 2.29

as on 30st June, 2026.

International Journal of Technology, Health and Sustainability,

Advances in Risk-Based Inspection of Offloading Hose Strings in Offshore Crude Export Systems

Paul Chibuike Obetta1, Nwakamma Ninduwezuor-Ehiobu2, Henry Chukwuemeka Olisakwe3

1 Mechanical Engineer, ARIOSH Nigeria Ltd. for TotalEnergies, Nigeria.

2 Mechanical Engineer, Entrust Solutions Group Canada, A Leidos Company, Canada.

3 Senior Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.  

Abstract

Offloading hose strings are among the most safety-critical and failure-prone components of offshore crude export systems, serving as the flexible conduit between single point mooring terminals, floating production units, and export tankers. Their exposure to combined hydrodynamic loading, internal pressure cycling, chemical attack from crude cargoes, and marine environmental degradation makes them poorly suited to fixed-interval inspection regimes, which tend to be either overly conservative and costly or insufficiently protective against latent failure. Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) has therefore emerged as the preferred integrity management philosophy for these assets. This paper reviews the state of practice and the principal advances reported through 2025 in the application of RBI to bonded marine hoses used in offshore crude export. Key developments examined include the integration of live sensor data and digital twin technology into RBI planning frameworks endorsed by major classification societies, predictive condition monitoring based on hose elongation and pressure behavior, machine learning and computer vision techniques for automated degradation detection, and field-return residual performance testing that recalibrates probability-of-failure models with empirical service data. Beyond the core inspection technologies, the paper examines the organizational ecosystems on which a living RBI program depends, including supply chain and spares readiness, occupational safety management of inspection and change-out operations, data governance and operational technology cybersecurity, and audit and governance structures for risk-informed decision-making. The review concludes that the discipline is transitioning from periodic, prescriptive inspection toward dynamic, continuously updated risk models, and identifies priority directions for future research.     

Keywords: Risk-based inspection, Marine hose, Offloading; CALM buoy, Single point mooring, FPSO, Digital twin, Structural integrity, Crude export

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Analyzing the Spread and Impact of 5G-Corona Misinformation on Twitter: A Statistical Approach

Kampala International University, UGANDA; Rivers State University, NIGERIA.

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